| · Preface to the Fifth Edition
· Preface to the First Edition
1 Power System
1.1 General Concept 1
1.2 Distribution of Power 4
1.3 Quality of Supply 12
1.4 System Study 15
1.5 Benchmarking 16
1.6 Electricity Reforms 19
1.7 Future Distribution Systems 20
Problems 24
Bibliography 24
2 Electricity Forecasting
2.1 Power Loads 26
2.2 Connected Load 33
2.3 Load Forecasting 41
2.4 Definitions of Some Basic Concepts in Statistics
42
2.5 Regression Analysis 45
2.6 Correlation Theory 50
2.7 Analysis of Time Series 51
2.8 Factors in Power System 56
2.9 Unloading the System 59
2.10 Forecast of System Peak 63
2.11 Strategic Forecasting (10) 66
2.12 Spatial Load Forecasting 67
2.13 Technological Forecasting 69
2.14 Sources of Error: Regulating the Model 72
Problems 72
Bibliography 73
3 System Planning
3.1 Planning Process 74
3.2 Planning Criteria and Standards 81
3.3 System Development 83
3.4 Dispersed Generation 89
3.5 Distribution System Economics and Finance 92
3.6 Mapping 96
3.7 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 100
3.8 Modelling 103
3.9 System Calculations 104
3.10 Introductory Methods 107
3.11 Network Elements 122
3.12 Load Flow 117
3.13 Automated Planning 123
3.14 Fault Studies 131
3.15 Effect of Abnormal Loads 139
3.16 Line Circuits 140
3.17 Urban Distribution 142
3.18 Outsourcing 143
Problems 144
Bibliography 145
4 Design and Operation
4.1 Engineering Design 147
4.2 Operation Criteria and Standards 151
4.3 Sub- transmission 153
4.4 Sub- station and Feeder 157
4.5 Low Voltage- Tree- phase or Single- phase 162
4.6 Practices 164
4.7 Location of Sectionalizer 167
4.8 Voltage Control 168
4.9 Harmonics 178
4.10 Load Variations 189
4.11 Impact Loading of Transformer 197
4.12 Ferroresonance 197
4.13 System Losses 199
4.14 Energy Management 216
4.15 Model Distribution System 218
Problems 220
Bibliography 221
5 Distribution Automation
5.1 Distribution Automation (DA) 223
5.2 Project Planning 225
5.3 Definitions 227
5.4 Communication 232
5.5 Sensors 246
5.6 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
249
5.7 Consumer Information Service (CIS) 253
5.8 Geographical Information System (GIS) 254
5.9 Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) 254
5.10 Automation Systems 255
Problems 261
Bibliography 262
6 Optimization
6.1 Introduction 26
6.2 Typical Network Configurations 271
6.3 Planning Terms 276
6.4 Network Cost Modelling 274
6.5 Voltage Levels 286
6.6 Synthesis of Optimum Line Networks 285
6.7 Application of Linear Programming to Network Synthesis
292
6.8 Optimum Phasing Sequence 294
6.9 Economic Loading of Distribution Transformers 295
6.10 Worst- Case Loading of Distribution Transformers
303
6.11 Discussion 305
Problems 306
Bibliography 306
7 Reliability and Quality
7.1 Introduction 308
7.2 Definition of Reliability 310
7.3 Failure 310
7.4 Probability Concepts 312
7.5 Limitations of Distribution Systems 317
7.6 Power Quality 320
7.7 Reliability Measurement 326
7.8 Power Supply Quality Survey [3] 333
7.9 Reliability Aids 334
Problems 431
Bibliography 341
8 Consumer Services
8.1 Supply Industry 343
8.2 Natural Monopoly 343
8.3 Regulations 344
8.4 Other Legal Provisions 349
8.5 Distribution Code 351
8.6 Consumer Care 352
8.7 Standards 353
8.8 Consumer Load Requirements 354
8.9 Consumer Factors 354
8.10 Least Cost of Supply 358
8.11 Revenue and Return 358
8.12 Load Management [2] 359
8.13 Energy Audit 378
8.14 Theft of Electricity 382
8.15 Metering of Energy 386
8.16 Periodical Testing of Meters 397
8.17 Consumer Load Monitoring 399
Problems 399
Bibliography 400
9 Tariffs and Billing
9.1 Objectives 402
9.2 Costing 404
9.3 Pricing Approach 410
9.4 Classifications 412
9.5 Economically Efficient Tariff Structure 418
9.6 Electricity Market 420
9.7 Rational Tariffs 422
9.8 Tariff Applications 424
9.9 Billing 437
Problems 442
Bibliography 443
10 Grounding
10.1 Grounding System 444
10.2 Earth and Safety 446
10.3 Nature of an Earth Electrode System 449
10.4 Earth Conductor Sizes 452
10.5 Design of Earthing Electrodes 454
10.6 System Earthing 458
10.7 Earth Testing 472
Problems 476
Bibliography 477
11 Overhead Lines
11.1 Choice of the System 479
11.2 Optimum Design Considerations 481
11.3 Overhead Lines 482
11.4 Design of Overhead Power Lines 488
11.5 Overhead Line Construction 502
11.6 Vibrations 506
11.7 Line Accessories 507
11.8 Installation of Distribution Transformer 516
11.9 Compact Lines 518
11.10 Aerial Bunched Cables (ABC) System 520
11.11 Service Line 521
Problems 522
Bibliography 522
12 Underground Cables
12.1 Circuit Design: Key to Reliability [6] 524
12.2 Determination of Cable Rating 536
12.3 Stress Grading 540
12.4 Thermo- Mechanical Effects in Cable Systems 541
12.5 Cable Materials 542
12.6 Cable Jointing 544
12.7 Installation of Cables 546
12.8 Principal Causes of Cable Failure 553
12.9 Selection of Cables 554
12.10 System Fault Location 556
Problems 562
Bibliography 563
13 System Overvoltages
13.1 Causes of Overvoltages 564
13.2 Lightning 566
13.3 Protective Devices 569
13.4 Failure of Lightning Arresters 577
13.5 Detection of Arrester Failures in the Field 580
13.6 Allowable Maximum Distance of Separation 581
13.7 Travelling Waves 583
13.8 Protection Schemes 585
13.9 Pole- Mounted Distribution Transformers 588
13.10 Cable Junction 589
13.11 Lightning Arresters: Earthing 590
Problems 592
Bibliography 592
14 Rural Supply
14.1 Rural System 596
14.2 Reliability 601
14.3 Faults and Protection 602
14.4 Improvement of Existing Distribution Systems 605
14.5 Single Wire Earth Return System 609
14.6 Fault Locating 610
14.7 Auto- Reclosers 612
14.8 Determination of Rating of Induction Motor (Cage
Type) 613
14.9 Constructional Practices 616
14.10 Future Orientation of Rural System 629
Problems 643
Bibliography 644
15 Power Capacitors
15.1 Reactive Power 646
15.2 Series and Shunt Capacitors 654
15.3 System Harmonics 665
15.4 HT Shunt Capacitors’ Installation Requirements
667
15.5 Size of Capacitors for Power Factor Improvement
671
15.6 L T Capacitors 672
15.7 Construction Features 679
15.8 Failures [7, 6] 680
Problems 682
Bibliography 683
16 Insulation Measurements
16.1 Insulation Supervision 685
16.2 Insulation Measurement – Non- Destructive
Techniques[9]
16.3 Insulation Testing: Destructive Tests 697
16.4 Transformer Oil Testing 699
Problems 706
Bibliography 706
17 System Protection
17.1 Time Current Characteristic 708
17.2 Fuses 709
17.3 Switching Devices 717
17.4 Circuit Breakers 720
17.5 Protective Relaying 729
17.6 Instrument Transformers 742
17.7 Overcurrent Schemes 746
17.8 Unit Protection 748
Problems 749
Biblography 750
18 System Maintenance
18.1 Successful Maintenance 751
18.2 Failures and Maintenance 757
18.3 Porcelain Insulators 764
18.4 Transformer Oil Maintenance 765
18.5 Transformer Drying 769
18.6 Maintenance Staff and Tools 772
18.7 Maintenance Costs 776
Problems 777
Bibliography 777
19 Electrical Services
19.1 Standards 779
19.2 Electrical Installations 779
19.3 Reception of Electric Supply 780
19.4 Supply Voltage 783
19.5 Consumer Supply Arrangement 785
19.6 Internal Wiring 790
19.7 Switchgear 796
19.8 Plug and Socket Outlets 798
19.9 Circuit Loading 798
19.10 Load Estimation 804
19.11 Earthing 806
19.12 Lighting 809
19.13 Lamps 810
19.14 Luminaires 812
19.15 Lighting Design 812
19.16 Road Ligting 814
19.17 Flood Lighting 819
19.18 Automatic Fire Alarm System 821
19.19 Electrical Call Bell Services 824
19.20 Other Services 824
19.21 Lightning Protection 827
19.22 Standby Supplies 830
19.23 Voltage Stabilizers {5} 831
Problems 833
Bibliography 834
Appendix I: International Electricity Supplies 836
Appendix II: Conductors and Cable Data 841
Appendix III: Power Cable Laying Merits 852
Appendix IV: Village Electrification and Pumpset Energization
854
Appendix V: Electrical Accidents 856
Appendix VI: Illumination Levels 859
Appendix VII: Optimum Specific Energy Consumption 863
Appendix VIII: Tinned Copper Fuse Wire 865
Appendix IX: Power Factors 867
Appendix X: Ambient Temperature and Average Altitude
869
Appendix XI: Transmission and Distribution Losses in
States
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